Ma kahi hoʻolaha koʻikoʻi i ke ahiahi o ʻOkakopa 3, 2023, ua wehe ʻia ka Nobel Prize ma Physics no ka makahiki 2023, e hoʻohanohano ana i nā haʻawina koʻikoʻi a ʻekolu mau kānaka ʻepekema i hoʻokani i nā kuleana koʻikoʻi ma ke ʻano he paionia ma ke aupuni o ka ʻenehana laser attosecond.

Loaʻa ka inoa o ka huaʻōlelo "attosecond laser" mai ka manawa pōkole loa e hana ai, ma ke ʻano o nā attoseconds, e like me 10^-18 kekona. No ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke koʻikoʻi hohonu o kēia ʻenehana, he mea nui ka hoʻomaopopo kumu o ka mea a ka attosecond e hōʻike nei. Kū ka attosecond ma ke ʻano he minuke loa o ka manawa, e hana ana i hoʻokahi piliona o ka piliona o kekona i loko o ka pōʻaiapili ākea o hoʻokahi kekona. No ka hoʻokomo ʻana i kēia i loko o ka manaʻo, inā mākou e hoʻohālikelike i kahi kekona i kahi mauna kiʻekiʻe, e like ka attosecond me kahi hua one hoʻokahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ke kumu o ka mauna. I loko o kēia manawa manawa pōkole, hiki ʻole i ka mālamalama ke hele i kahi mamao e like me ka nui o kahi ʻātoma pākahi. Ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lasers attosecond, loaʻa i nā kānaka ʻepekema ka hiki ke nānā pono ʻole ʻia e nānā a hoʻoponopono i nā dinamika paʻakikī o nā electrons i loko o nā ʻano atomic, e like me ka replay lohi frame-by-frame i kahi moʻo cinematic, no laila e komo ana i kā lākou pilina.

Nā lasers Attosecondhōʻike i ka hopena o ka noiʻi nui a me nā hana i hui pū ʻia e nā kānaka ʻepekema, nāna i hoʻohana i nā kumumanaʻo o nā optics nonlinear e hana i nā lasers ultrafast. Ua hāʻawi mai ko lākou hiki ʻana mai iā mākou i kahi wahi ʻike hou no ka nānā ʻana a me ka ʻimi ʻana i nā kaʻina hana e hana nei i loko o nā ʻātoma, nā molekala, a me nā electrons i nā mea paʻa.

No ka hoʻomālamalama ʻana i ke ʻano o nā lasers attosecond a mahalo i ko lākou mau ʻano maʻamau ʻole i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me nā lasers maʻamau, he mea nui e ʻimi i ko lākou hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i loko o ka "ʻohana laser" ākea. ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana e ka nalu e kau i nā lasers attosecond ma ka hapa nui i loko o ka pae o ultraviolet a i nā alapine X-ray palupalu, e hōʻike ana i ko lākou mau nalu pōkole i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me nā lasers maʻamau. Ma ke ʻano o nā ʻano hoʻopuka, hāʻule nā ​​​​laser attosecond ma lalo o ka māhele o nā lasers pulsed, i hōʻike ʻia e ko lākou mau lōʻihi pulse pōkole loa. No ke kahakiʻi ʻana i kahi hoʻohālikelike no ka maopopo, hiki i kekahi ke noʻonoʻo i nā lasers nalu hoʻomau e like me ke kukui uila e hoʻopuka ana i kahi kukuna hoʻomau o ke kukui, ʻoiai nā lasers pulsed e like me ke kukui strobe, e hoʻololi wikiwiki ana ma waena o nā wā o ka hoʻomālamalama a me ka pouli. ʻO ke kumu, hōʻike nā lasers attosecond i kahi ʻano pulsating i loko o ka hoʻomālamalama a me ka pouli, akā ʻo kā lākou hoʻololi ʻana ma waena o nā kūlana ʻelua e hana nei ma kahi alapine kupaianaha, e hiki ana i ke aupuni o attoseconds.

Hoʻokaʻawale hou ʻia e ka mana i nā lasers i loko o nā brackets mana haʻahaʻa, mana waena, a me ka mana kiʻekiʻe. Loaʻa i nā lasers Attosecond ka mana kiʻekiʻe ma muli o ko lākou mau lōʻihi pulse pōkole loa, e hopena ana i kahi mana kiʻekiʻe koʻikoʻi (P) - i wehewehe ʻia ʻo ia ka ikaika o ka ikehu i kēlā me kēia manawa (P=W/t). ʻOiai ʻaʻole paha i loaʻa i nā pulse laser attosecond pākahi ka ikehu nui loa (W), hāʻawi ko lākou palena manawa pōkole (t) iā lākou me ka mana kiʻekiʻe.

Ma ke ʻano o nā kikowaena noi, uhi nā lasers i kahi spectrum e pili ana i nā noi ʻoihana, lapaʻau, a me ka ʻepekema. Loaʻa mua nā lasers Attosecond i ko lākou niche i loko o ke aupuni o ka noiʻi ʻepekema, ʻoi aku hoʻi i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā hanana e ulu wikiwiki ana i loko o nā kahua o ka physics a me ke kemika, e hāʻawi ana i kahi puka makani i nā kaʻina hana wikiwiki o ka honua microcosmic.

Hoʻokaʻawale ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana e ka medium laser i nā lasers e like me nā lasers kinoea, nā lasers paʻa-mokuʻāina, nā lasers wai, a me nā lasers semiconductor. ʻO ka hana ʻana o nā lasers attosecond e hilinaʻi pinepine ʻia ma nā media laser kinoea, e hoʻohana ana i nā hopena optical nonlinear e hoʻoulu i nā harmonics kiʻekiʻe.

I ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, hana nā lasers attosecond i kahi papa kū hoʻokahi o nā lasers pulse pōkole, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ko lākou mau lōʻihi pulse pōkole loa, i ana pinepine ʻia ma nā attoseconds. ʻO ka hopena, ua lilo lākou i mau mea hana pono no ka nānā ʻana a me ka kaohi ʻana i nā kaʻina hana wikiwiki loa o nā electrons i loko o nā ʻātoma, nā molekala, a me nā mea paʻa.

Ke Kaʻina Hana Hoʻomohala o ka Hana ʻana o ka Laser Attosecond

ʻO ka ʻenehana laser Attosecond ke kū nei ma ke alo o ka hana hou ʻepekema, me ka haʻaheo i kahi hoʻonohonoho koʻikoʻi o nā kūlana no kona hanauna. No ka wehewehe ʻana i nā mea paʻakikī o ka hanauna laser attosecond, hoʻomaka mākou me kahi wehewehe pōkole o kona mau kumumanaʻo ma lalo, a ukali ʻia e nā hoʻohālikelike olaola i loaʻa mai nā ʻike o kēlā me kēia lā. ʻAʻole pono e hopohopo ka poʻe heluhelu i ʻike ʻole i nā mea paʻakikī o ka physics pili, no ka mea, ʻo ka manaʻo o nā hoʻohālikelike e hiki mai ana e hāʻawi i ka physics kumu o nā lasers attosecond i hiki ke loaʻa.

ʻO ke kaʻina hana hanauna o nā lasers attosecond e hilinaʻi nui ʻia ma ke ʻano hana i ʻike ʻia ʻo High Harmonic Generation (HHG). ʻO ka mea mua, ua kau pono ʻia kahi kukuna o nā pulse laser femtosecond kiʻekiʻe (10^-15 kekona) ma luna o kahi mea pahuhopu kinoea. He mea kūpono ke hoʻomaopopo ʻana he like nā lasers femtosecond, e like me nā lasers attosecond, me nā ʻano o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā lōʻihi pulse pōkole a me ka mana kiʻekiʻe. Ma lalo o ka mana o ke kahua laser ikaika, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā electrons i loko o nā ʻātoma kinoea mai ko lākou mau nuclei atomika no kekahi manawa, e komo ana i kahi kūlana o nā electrons manuahi. I ka wā e oscillate ai kēia mau electrons i ka pane ʻana i ke kahua laser, hoʻi hope lākou a hui hou me ko lākou mau nuclei atomika makua, e hana ana i nā kūlana ikehu kiʻekiʻe hou.

I loko o kēia kaʻina hana, neʻe nā electrons i nā wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe loa, a ma ka hui pū ʻana me nā nuclei atomika, hoʻokuʻu lākou i ka ikehu hou ma ke ʻano o nā hoʻokuʻu harmonic kiʻekiʻe, e hōʻike ana ma ke ʻano he mau photons ikehu kiʻekiʻe.

ʻO nā alapine (frequency) o kēia mau photons ikehu kiʻekiʻe i hana hou ʻia he mau helu helu piha o ke alapine (frequency) laser mua, e hana ana i ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo nā harmonics kauoha kiʻekiʻe, kahi e hōʻike ai ʻo "harmonics" i nā alapine (frequency) he mau helu hoʻohui o ke alapine (frequency) mua. No ka loaʻa ʻana o nā lasers attosecond, pono e kānana a hoʻopili i kēia mau harmonics kauoha kiʻekiʻe, e koho ana i nā harmonics kikoʻī a hoʻopili iā lākou i loko o kahi kiko kikowaena. Inā makemake ʻia, hiki i nā ʻenehana hoʻopili pulse ke hoʻopōkole hou i ka lōʻihi o ka pulse, e loaʻa ai nā pulses pōkole loa i ka pae attosecond. ʻIke loa, ʻo ka hana ʻana o nā lasers attosecond he hana paʻakikī a multifaceted, e koi ana i kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka mākaukau loea a me nā lako hana kūikawā.

I mea e wehewehe pono ai i kēia kaʻina hana paʻakikī, hāʻawi mākou i kahi ʻano hoʻohālikelike i hoʻokumu ʻia i nā hiʻohiʻona o kēlā me kēia lā:

Nā Pulse Laser Femtosecond Kiʻekiʻe-Intensity:

E noʻonoʻo i ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi catapult ikaika loa i hiki ke hoʻolei koke i nā pōhaku i nā wikiwiki nui, e like me ke kuleana i hoʻokani ʻia e nā pulse laser femtosecond kiʻekiʻe.

Mea Pahuhopu Kinoea:

E kiʻi i kahi kino wai mālie e hōʻike ana i ka mea pahuhopu kinoea, kahi e hōʻike ai kēlā me kēia kulu wai i nā ʻātoma kinoea he nui. ʻO ka hana o ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana i nā pōhaku i loko o kēia kino wai e like me ka hopena o nā pulse laser femtosecond kiʻekiʻe ma luna o ka mea pahuhopu kinoea.

Ka Neʻe ʻana o ka Electron a me ka Hoʻohui Hou ʻana (Kahi ʻia ʻana o ka Hoʻololi Kino):

Ke hoʻopilikia nā pulse laser femtosecond i nā ʻātoma kinoea i loko o ka mea pahuhopu kinoea, ua hoʻonāukiuki ʻia kahi helu nui o nā electrons waho i kahi kūlana kahi e hoʻokaʻawale ai lākou mai kā lākou mau nuclei atomika, e hana ana i kahi kūlana plasma-like. I ka emi ʻana o ka ikehu o ka ʻōnaehana ma hope (ʻoiai ua pulsed maoli nā pulse laser, e hōʻike ana i nā manawa o ka hoʻōki ʻana), hoʻi kēia mau electrons waho i ko lākou wahi kokoke i nā nuclei atomika, e hoʻokuʻu ana i nā photons ikehu kiʻekiʻe.

Hanauna Harmonic Kiʻekiʻe:

E noʻonoʻo i kēlā me kēia manawa e hāʻule ai kahi kulu wai i ka ʻili o ka loko, hana ia i nā ripples, e like me nā harmonics kiʻekiʻe i nā lasers attosecond. ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o nā alapine a me nā amplitudes o kēia mau ripples ma mua o nā ripples mua i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka pulse laser femtosecond mua. I ka wā o ke kaʻina hana HHG, hoʻomālamalama kahi kukuna laser ikaika, e like me ka hoʻolei mau ʻana i nā pōhaku, i kahi pahuhopu kinoea, e like me ka ʻili o ka loko. Hoʻokuke kēia kahua laser ikaika i nā electrons i loko o ke kinoea, e like me nā ripples, mai ko lākou mau ʻātoma makua a laila huki iā lākou i hope. I kēlā me kēia manawa e hoʻi ai kahi electron i ka ʻātoma, hoʻopuka ia i kahi kukuna laser hou me kahi alapine kiʻekiʻe aʻe, e like me nā ʻano ripple paʻakikī.

Ke kānana ʻana a me ka nānā ʻana:

ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i kēia mau kukuna laser i hana hou ʻia e hua mai i kahi ʻano kala like ʻole (alapine a i ʻole nā ​​nalu), ʻo kekahi o ia mau mea e hana ai i ka laser attosecond. No ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā nui ripple a me nā alapine kikoʻī, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i kahi kānana kūikawā, e like me ke koho ʻana i nā ripple i makemake ʻia, a hoʻohana i kahi aniani hoʻonui e kālele iā lākou ma kahi kikoʻī.

Ka Hoʻopili ʻana o ka Pulse (inā pono):

Inā ʻoe e makemake e hoʻolaha i nā ripples wikiwiki a pōkole, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻolalelale i ko lākou hoʻolaha ʻana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi mea hana kūikawā, e hōʻemi ana i ka manawa o kēlā me kēia ripple. ʻO ka hanauna o nā lasers attosecond e pili ana i kahi pilina paʻakikī o nā kaʻina hana. Eia nō naʻe, i ka wā e wāwahi ʻia a ʻike ʻia, lilo ia i mea maopopo.