Ma kahi hoʻolaha koʻikoʻi ma ke ahiahi o ʻOkakopa 3, 2023, ua wehe ʻia ka Nobel Prize in Physics no ka makahiki 2023, me ka ʻike ʻana i nā haʻawina koʻikoʻi o ʻekolu mau ʻepekema i hana i nā kuleana koʻikoʻi ma ke ʻano he mau paionia i ke aupuni o ka ʻenehana laser attosecond.

Loaʻa ka huaʻōlelo "laser attosecond" i kona inoa mai ka manawa pōkole pōkole loa e hana ai, ma ke ʻano o nā attoseconds, pili i 10^-18 kekona. No ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke koʻikoʻi hohonu o kēia ʻenehana, he mea nui ka ʻike kumu o ka mea a ka attosecond. ʻO ka attosecond ke kū nei ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana minuke o ka manawa, ʻo ia ka hoʻokahi piliona piliona o ka piliona o kekona i loko o ka pōʻaiapili ākea o hoʻokahi kekona. No ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kēia, inā e hoʻohālike kākou i ke kekona me ke kuahiwi kiʻekiʻe, ua like ka attosekona me ke one one i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ke kumu o ka mauna. I loko o kēia wā pōkole pōkole, hiki ʻole i ka māmā ke hele i kahi mamao e like me ka nui o ka atom pākahi. Ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lasers attosecond, loaʻa i nā ʻepekema ka mana hiki ʻole ke nānā a hoʻoponopono i ka dynamics koʻikoʻi o nā electrons i loko o nā hale atomic, e like me ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka neʻe ʻana i ke kiʻi-by-frame i ke kaʻina cinematic, a laila e komo i kā lākou interplay.

ʻO nā lasers Attoseconde hōʻike ana i ka hopena o ka noiʻi nui a me nā hana i hui ʻia e nā ʻepekema, nāna i hoʻohana i nā loina o nā optics nonlinear e hana i nā lasers ultrafast. ʻO kā lākou hōʻea ʻana ua hāʻawi iā mākou i kahi hiʻohiʻona hou no ka nānā ʻana a me ka ʻimi ʻana i nā kaʻina hana hoʻoikaika e neʻe nei i loko o nā ʻātoma, nā molekala, a me nā electrons i nā mea paʻa.

No ka wehewehe ʻana i ke ʻano o nā lasers attosecond a mahalo i ko lākou mau ʻano ʻokoʻa i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā lasers maʻamau, pono ia e ʻimi i kā lākou hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i loko o ka "ʻohana laser" ākea. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka nalu hawewe i nā lasers attosecond i loko o ka laulā o ka ultraviolet a i nā alapine X-ray palupalu, e hōʻike ana i ko lākou mau lōʻihi haʻahaʻa ʻoi aku ka ʻokoʻa me nā lasers maʻamau. Ma nā ʻōlelo o nā ʻano hoʻopuka, hāʻule nā ​​lasers attosecond ma lalo o ka māhele o nā laser pulsed, i hōʻike ʻia e ko lākou mau lōʻihi puʻupuʻu pōkole loa. No ke kiʻi ʻana i ka hoʻohālikelike no ka akaka, hiki i kekahi ke noʻonoʻo i nā laser hawewe mau e like me ke kukui uila e hoʻokuʻu ana i ke kukui mau, ʻoiai nā laser pulsed e like me ke kukui strobe, e hoʻololi wikiwiki ana ma waena o nā manawa o ka mālamalama a me ka pōʻeleʻele. ʻO ka mea nui, hōʻike nā lasers attosecond i kahi ʻano pulsating i loko o ka mālamalama a me ka pōʻeleʻele, akā naʻe ko lākou hoʻololi ʻana ma waena o nā mokuʻāina ʻelua i kahi alapine kupaianaha, a hiki i ke aupuni o attoseconds.

ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale hou ʻana e ka mana e hoʻonoho i nā lasers i loko o ka mana haʻahaʻa, ka mana waena, a me ka mana kiʻekiʻe. Loaʻa i nā lasers Attosecond ka mana kiʻekiʻe ma muli o ko lākou mau manawa puʻupuʻu pōkole loa, ka hopena i ka mana kiʻekiʻe i haʻi ʻia (P) - i wehewehe ʻia ʻo ka ikaika o ka ikehu i kēlā me kēia manawa (P=W/t). ʻOiai ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa i nā pulse laser attosecond pākahi ka ikehu nui (W), ʻo kā lākou manawa pōkole (t) hāʻawi iā lākou me ka mana kiʻekiʻe.

Ma nā ʻōlelo o nā kāʻei hoʻohana, hoʻopili nā lasers i kahi kikoʻī e hoʻopuni ana i nā noi ʻoihana, lāʻau lapaʻau, a me ka ʻepekema. ʻIke mua nā lasers Attosecond i kā lākou niche i loko o ke ʻano o ka noiʻi ʻepekema, ʻoi loa i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā mea e ulu wikiwiki nei i loko o nā kāʻei o ka physics a me ke kemika, e hāʻawi ana i kahi puka makani i nā kaʻina hana wikiwiki o ka honua microcosmic.

ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana e ka laser medium e wehewehe i nā lasers e like me nā lasers gas, nā lasers solid-state, nā lasers wai, a me nā lasers semiconductor. Hoʻopili maʻamau ka hana ʻana o nā laser attosecond i ka media laser gas, e hoʻonui ana i nā hopena optical nonlinear e hoʻoulu i nā harmonics kiʻekiʻe.

I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, ʻo nā lasers attosecond he papa kūʻokoʻa o nā lasers puʻupuʻu pōkole, ʻike ʻia e ko lākou mau lōʻihi puʻupuʻu pōkole, maʻamau i ana ʻia i nā attoseconds. ʻO ka hopena, ua lilo lākou i mau mea hana pono no ka nānā ʻana a me ka kāohi ʻana i nā kaʻina hana ultrafast o nā electrons i loko o nā atoms, nā molekala, a me nā mea paʻa.

ʻO ke kaʻina hana o Attosecond Laser Generation

Ke kū nei ka ʻenehana laser Attosecond ma ke poʻo o ka hana ʻepekema, e kaena ana i kahi hoʻonohonoho koʻikoʻi o nā kūlana no kona hanauna. No ka wehewehe ʻana i nā mea paʻakikī o ka hanauna laser attosecond, hoʻomaka mākou me kahi hōʻike pōkole o kāna mau kumu kumu, a ukali ʻia e nā metaphors i loaʻa mai nā ʻike o kēlā me kēia lā. ʻAʻole pono ka poʻe heluhelu i ʻike ʻole i ka paʻakikī o ka physics pili, no ka mea, ke manaʻo nei nā metaphors e hoʻolilo i ka physics kumu o nā lasers attosecond.

ʻO ke kaʻina hana o nā lasers attosecond e hilinaʻi nui i ka ʻenehana i kapa ʻia ʻo High Harmonic Generation (HHG). ʻO ka mea mua, ʻo kahi kukuna o ka femtosecond kiʻekiʻe (10^-15 kekona) ua hoʻopaʻa paʻa ʻia nā pulse laser ma luna o kahi mea i manaʻo ʻia. He mea pono e hoʻomaopopo i nā lasers femtosecond, e like me nā lasers attosecond, kaʻana like i nā ʻano o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā manawa pulse pōkole a me ka mana kiʻekiʻe. Ma lalo o ka mana o ke kahua laser ikaika, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā electrons i loko o nā ʻātoma kinoea mai kā lākou nuclei atomika, e komo ana i kahi kūlana o nā electrons manuahi. Ke oscillate kēia mau electrons i ka pane ʻana i ke kahua laser, hoʻi lākou i hope a hui hou me ko lākou nuclei atomic makua, e hana ana i nā mokuʻāina kiʻekiʻe.

I loko o kēia kaʻina hana, neʻe nā electrons i nā velocities kiʻekiʻe loa, a ma ka hui hou ʻana me ka atomic nuclei, hoʻokuʻu lākou i ka ikehu hou ma ke ʻano o nā hoʻokuʻu harmonic kiʻekiʻe, e hōʻike ana he photons kiʻekiʻe.

ʻO nā alapine o kēia mau kiʻi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe i hana hou ʻia he mau helu helu o ke alapine laser kumu, e hana ana i ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo high-order harmonics, kahi i hōʻike ʻia ai ka "harmonics" i nā alapine i hui pū ʻia o ka pinepine kumu. No ka loaʻa ʻana o nā lasers attosecond, pono e kānana a hoʻopaʻa i kēia mau harmonics kiʻekiʻe, e koho i nā harmonic kikoʻī a hoʻokau iā lākou i kahi kikoʻī. Inā makemake ʻia, hiki i nā ʻenehana hoʻoemi pulse ke hoʻopau hou i ka lōʻihi o ka pulse, e hāʻawi ana i nā pulses ultra-pōkole i ka pae attosecond. ʻIke ʻia, ʻo ka hana ʻana o nā lasers attosecond he hana maʻalahi a multifaceted, e koi ana i kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻenehana loea a me nā mea hana kūikawā.

No ka wehewehe ʻana i kēia kaʻina hana koʻikoʻi, hāʻawi mākou i kahi ʻano like ʻole i hoʻokumu ʻia i nā hiʻohiʻona o kēlā me kēia lā:

Nā Pulse Laser Femtosecond kiʻekiʻe:

E noʻonoʻo i ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi catapult ikaika loa e hiki ke hoʻolei koke i nā pōhaku i ka wikiwiki nui, e like me ka hana i hoʻokani ʻia e nā pulse laser femtosecond kiʻekiʻe.

Mea Kinoea Target:

E noʻonoʻo i kahi kino wai mālie e hōʻike ana i ke kinoea i manaʻo ʻia, kahi e hōʻike ai kēlā me kēia kulu wai i nā ʻātoma kinoea he nui. ʻO ke ʻano o ka hoʻokuke ʻana i nā pōhaku i loko o kēia kino wai e hoʻohālikelike like i ka hopena o nā puʻupuʻu laser femtosecond kiʻekiʻe ma luna o ke kinoea.

ʻO ka neʻe ʻana a me ka hoʻohui hou ʻana i ka Electron (Ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kino):

Ke hoʻopili ʻia nā puʻupuʻu laser femtosecond i nā ʻātoma kinoea i loko o ka mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ke kinoea, ua hauʻoli kekahi helu nui o nā electrons waho i kahi mokuʻāina kahi e haʻalele ai lākou mai kā lākou mau atomic nuclei, e hana ana i kahi kūlana plasma-like. I ka emi ʻana o ka ikehu o ka ʻōnaehana (no ka mea, ua paʻa maoli nā puʻupuʻu laser, e hōʻike ana i nā wā o ka pau ʻana), hoʻi kēia mau electrons waho i ko lākou wahi kokoke i ka nuclei atomic, e hoʻokuʻu ana i nā kiʻi kiʻekiʻe.

Hanana Harmonic Kiʻekiʻe:

E noʻonoʻo i kēlā me kēia manawa e hāʻule hou ka kulu wai i ka ʻili o ka loko, hana ia i nā nalu, e like me nā harmonics kiʻekiʻe i nā lasers attosecond. Loaʻa i kēia mau ripples nā alapine kiʻekiʻe a me nā amplitudes ma mua o nā ripples kumu i hana ʻia e ka pulse laser femtosecond mua. I ka wā o ke kaʻina hana HHG, he kukuna laser ikaika, e like me ka hoʻolei mau ʻana i nā pōhaku, e hoʻomālamalama i kahi pahu hau, e like me ka ʻili o ka loko. ʻO kēia māla laser ikaika e hoʻolalelale i nā electrons i loko o ke kinoea, e like me nā ripples, mai ko lākou mau makua makua a huki iā lākou i hope. I kēlā me kēia manawa e hoʻi ka electron i ka atom, hoʻopuka ia i kahi kukuna laser hou me ke alapine kiʻekiʻe, e like me nā hiʻohiʻona ripple paʻakikī.

Kānana a me ka nānā ʻana:

ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i kēia mau kukuna laser hou i hana ʻia e loaʻa i kahi kikoʻī o nā kala like ʻole (nā alapine a i ʻole nā ​​lōʻihi nalu), ʻo ia kekahi o ka laser attosecond. No ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā nui ripple a me nā alapine kikoʻī, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i kahi kānana kūikawā, e like me ke koho ʻana i nā ripples i makemake ʻia, a hoʻohana i ke aniani hoʻonui e kālele iā lākou ma kahi kikoʻī.

Pulse Compression (inā pono):

Inā makemake ʻoe e hoʻolaha i nā ripples me ka wikiwiki a me ka pōkole, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻolalelale i kā lākou hoʻolaha ʻana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi hāmeʻa kūikawā, e hōʻemi ana i ka manawa o kēlā me kēia ripple. ʻO ka hana ʻana o nā lasers attosecond e pili ana i kahi pilina paʻakikī o nā kaʻina hana. Eia nō naʻe, i ka wā e wāwahi ʻia ai a nānā ʻia, lilo ia i mea maʻalahi.